Tuesday, Safar 28, 1448 AH · Aug 11, 2026

Preserving the Prophetic ﷺ tradition for every generation

favorite Support This Mission
logo

Hadith Nabawi

logo

Hadith Nabawi

    SearchBooksTopicsNarratorsTerminologyAbout
person Sign in

About

  • Our Mission
  • Methodology
  • Team
  • Contact

Resources

  • FAQ
  • Book Catalog
  • Narrator Database
  • Topics

Contribute

  • Become a Translator
  • Report an Error
  • Donate
  • GitHub

Legal

  • Terms of Use
  • Privacy Policy
  • License

Follow Us تابعنا

fin@X

Daily Hadith, scholarly articles, and updates from the team.

© 2026 Hadith Nabvi Platform · A project by Learning SoulsHadith e Nabawai (PBUH)
الأدب المفرد

Al Adab Al Mufrad

1,322 Hadith114 Chapters
Read Book arrow_right_alt
IntroductionChaptersHadithsNarratorsAuto Biography

Chapters

الأدب المفرد #491

حَدَّثَنَا اِسْحَاقُ بْنُ الْعَلَاءِ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا عَمْرُوْبْنُ الْحَارِثِ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُاللہِ بْنُ سَالِمٍ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ الزُّ بَیْدِيً قَالَ:حَدَّثنَاَ سُلَیْمُ بْنُ عَامِرِ، أَنَّ غُضِیْفَ بْنَ الْحَارِثِ أَخْبَرَ ہُ ، أَنَّ رَجُلاً أَتَی أَبَا عُبَیْدَہَ بْنَ الْجَرَّاحِ، وَھُوَ وَجِعٌ، فَقَالَ : کَیْفَ أَمْسَی أَجْرُ الْأمِیْرِ ؟ فَقَالَ: ھَلْ تَدْ رُوْنَ فِیْمَا تُؤْ جَرُوْنَ بِہِ؟ فَقَالَ: بِمَا یُصَیْبُنَا فِیْمَانَکْرَہُ ، فَقَا لَ:إِنَّماَ تُؤْجَرُوْنَ بِمَا أَ نْفَقْتُمْ فِیْ سَبِیْلِ اللہِ ، وَا سْتُنْفِقَ لَکُمْ، ثُمَّ عَدَّ أَدَاۃَ الرَّحْلِ کُلَّھَا حَتَّی عَدَّ أَدَبَ الْبَرْذَوْنِ وَلَکِنَّ ھَذَا الْوَ صَبَ الَّذِیْ بُصِیْبُکُمْ فِیْ أَجْسَا دِکُمْ یُکَفَّرُ ا للہُ بِہِ مِنْ خَطَا یَا کُمْ

Ghatif ibn al-Harith said that a man came to Abu 'Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah while he was in pain and asked, "What is the reward of the amir?" Abu 'Ubayda said, "Do you know that for which you will be rewarded?" The man replied, "We will be rewarded for things which happen to us which we dislike." Abu 'Ubayda said, "Rather you will be rewarded for what you spend in the Cause of Allah and what is spent on you. Then there is a reckoning for all parts of the saddle, even the horse's bridle. Allah will remove your errors from you for the sake of this fatigue which has afflicted your bodies."

سُلَيْمِ بْنِ عَامِرٍ ← مُحَمَّدٍ الزُّ بَیْدِيً قَالَ: ← عَبْدُاللہِ بْنُ سَالِمٍ، ← عَمْرُو بْنُ الْحَارِثِ ← إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ الْعَلاَءِ،

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 491

الأدب المفرد #492

حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُاللہِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الْمَلِکِ بْنُ عَمْرِ وَ قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا زَھِیْرُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ ابْنِ عَمْرِ و بْنِ حَلْحَلَتَھ، عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ یَسَارِ عَنْ أَبِیْ سَعِیْدٍ الْخُدْ رِیَّ وَأَ بِیْ ھُرَ یْرَ ۃَ ﷺ، عَنِ النَّبِیَّ ﷺقَالَ :(مَایُصِیْبُ الْمُسْلِمَ مِنْ نَصَبٍ ،وَلَا وَصَبٍ، وَ لَا ھَمًّ ،وَلَا حَذَنٍ، وَلَا أَذًی، وَ لَا غَمًّ ،حَتَّی الشَّوْ کَۃُیُشَا کُھَا،إِلَّا کَفَّرَ اللہُ بِھَا مِنْ خَطَا یَاہُ))

Abu Hurayra reported that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "A Muslim does not encounter fatigue, tiredness, concern, sorrow, injury or grief, or even a thorn which pricks him without Allah expiating his errors for him by that."

أَبِیْ سَعِیْدٍ الْخُدْ رِیَّ وَأَ بِیْ ھُرَ یْرَ ۃَ ← عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ ← مُحَمَّدٍ ابْنِ عَمْرِ و بْنِ حَلْحَلَتَھ، ← زُهَيْرُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، ← عَبْدُ الْمَلِکِ بْنُ عَمْرِ وَ ← عَبْدُاللہِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ،

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 492

الأدب المفرد #493

حَدَّثَنَا مُوْ سَی قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُوْ عَوَا نَۃَ ،عَنْ عَبْدِالْمَلِکِ بْنِ عُمَیْرٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِا لرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ سَعِیْدٍ، عَنْ أَبِیْھِ قَالَ: کُنْتُ مَعَ سَلْمَانؒ ، وَعَادَمَرِیْضًا فِیْ کِنْدَۃَ، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ عَلَیْھِ قَالَ: أَبْشِرْ ،فَإِنَّ مَرَضَ الْمُؤْمِنِ یَجْعَلُہُ اللہُ لَہُ کَفَّارَۃً وَمُسْتَعْتَبًا ، وَإنَّ مَرَضَ الفَاجِرِ کَالْبَعِیْرِ عَقَلَہُ أَھْلُہُ ، ثُمَّ أَرْسَلُوْہُ ، فٓلا یَدْرِیْ لِمَ عُقِلَ وَلِمَ أُرْسِلَ۔

. 'Abdu'r-Rahman ibn Sa'id reported that his father said, "I was with Salman when he visited a sick person in Kinda. When he went in, he said, 'Good news! Allah makes the illness of the believer an expiation for him and a restoration, whereas the illness of the corrupt person is like a camel whose people hobble it and the let it go. It doe sot know why it was hobbled or released.'"

أَبِيهِ ← عَبْدِا لرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ سَعِیْدٍ، ← عَبْدِالْمَلِکِ بْنِ عُمَیْرٍ، ← أَبُوْ عَوَا نَۃَ ← مُوْ سَی

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 493

الأدب المفرد #494

حَدَّثَنَا مُوْ سیَ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا حَمَّادٌ قَالَ: أَخْبَرَ نَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَمْرِ و ،عَنْ أَبِیْ سَلَمَۃَ، عَنْ أَبِیْ ھُرَیْرَ ۃَؒ ، عَنِ النَّبِیَّ ﷺقَالَ : ((لَا یَزَالُ الْبَلاَ ءُبَالْمُؤْمِنِ وَا لَمُوْمِنَۃِ فِیْ جَسَدِہِ وَأَھْلِھِ وَمَالِھِ، حَتَّی یَلْقَی اللہَ عَزَّوَجَلَّ، وَمَا عَلَیْھِ خَطِیْھَٔۃٌ))۔ حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُبَیْدِ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا عُمَرُ بْنُ طَلْحَتَھ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ عَمْرٍ ومِثْلَھُ وَزَادَ :((فِیْ وَلَدِہِ))

Abu Hurayra reported that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "Affliction will continue to trouble the believers, men and women, in their bodies, their families, and their property until they meet Allah Almighty purified of every wrong action."

أَبِیْ ھُرَیْرَ ۃَ ← اَبِیْ سَلَمَۃَ ← محمد بن عمر و ← اَخْبَرَ ← حَمَّادٍ، ← مُوْ سَی

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 494

الأدب المفرد #495

حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ یُوْنُسَ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُوْبَکْرِ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، عَنْ أَبْی، سَلَمَۃََ، عَنْ أَبیْ، ھُرَیْرَ ۃَؓقَالَ :جَاءَ أَعْرَابِي’‘ ،فَقَالَ النَّبِیُّ ﷺ، ((ھَلْ أَخَزََتْکَ اُمُّ مِلْدَمٍ؟))قَالَ: وَمَا اُمُّ مِلْدَمٍ ؟قَالَ: ((حَرّ’‘ بَیْنَ الْجِلْدِ ؓوَاللَّحْمِ)) ،قَالَ:لَا، قَالَ:((فَھَلْ صُدِعْتَ؟)) قَالَ: وَمَا انصُّدَاعُ؟قَالَ: ((رِیْح’‘ تَعْتَرِ ضُ فِي الرَّأُسِ، تَضْرِبُ الْعُرُ وْقَ)) قَالَ: لَا، قَالَ : فَلَمَّا قَامَ قَالَ: ((مَنْ سَرَّ ہُ أَنْ یَنْظُرَ إِلَی رَجُلٍ مِنْ أَھْلِ النَّارِ ))أَیْ: فَلْیَنْظُرْہُ

Abu Hurayra said, "A bedouin came and the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, asked, 'Has Umm Mildam (fever) got hold of you?' 'What is Umm Mildam?' he asked. He said, 'The heat between the skin and the flesh.' The bedouin said, 'No.' He asked, 'Have you got a headache?' 'What is headache?' the man asked. He replied, 'A wind which appears in the head and beats the veins.' 'No,' he said, When he stood up, he said, 'Whoever wants to look at a man who is one of the people of the Fire,' i.e. 'let them look at that man.'"

أَبِیْ ھُرَیْرَ ۃَ ← اَبِیْ سَلَمَۃَ ← مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، ← أَبُوْبَکْرٍ، ← أَحْمَدُ بْنُ يُونُسَ،

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 495

الأدب المفرد #496

حَدَّثَنَا عِمْرَ انُ بْنُ مَیْسَرَ ۃَقَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ فَضَیْلِ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا حُصَیْنٌ ،عَنْ شَقِیْقِ بْنِ سَلَمَۃَ، عَنْ خَالِدِ بْنِ الرَّبِیْعِ قَالَ حُزََ یْفَۃُ ؓ ،سَمِعَ بِزَلِکَ رَھْطُہُ وَالْأَنْصَارُ، فَأَتَوْ ہُ فیِْ جَوْفِ ا لَّلیْلِ أَوْ عِنْدَالصُّبْحِ قَالَ: أَیُِّ سَا عَۃٍ ھَذِہِ؟قُلْنَا: جَوْفُ ا للَّیْلِ أَوْ عِنْدَالصُّبْحِ، قَالَ: أَعُوْذُباِللہِ مِنْ صَبَاحِ النَّارِ، ثُمَّ قاَلَ: جِسْٔتُمْ بِمَاأُکَفَّنُ بِھِ؟قُلْنَا: نَعَمْ قَالَ: لَا تُغَالُوْ ا بِالْأَ کْفَانِ، فَإِ نَّہُ إِنْ یَکُنْ لِيْ عِنْدَاللہِ خَیْر’‘بُدَّلْتُ بِھِ خَٰیْرً ا مِنْھُ وَإِنْ کَانَت ِالْأَ خْرَی سُلِبْتُ سَلْبًا سَرِ یْعًا قَالَ ا بْنُ إِدْرِیْسَ: أَتَيْنَا ہُ فِيْ بَعْضِ اللَّیْلِ

Khalid bin al-Rabi, reported that when the illness of Huzayfah became serious his group and the Ansar heard of it. They visited him at night or in the (early) morning. Sayyidina Huzayfah asked, "What time is it?" They said, "It is midnight or nearing morning." He said, "I seek refuge in Allah from the morning which heralds admittance to Hell." He then asked, "Have you brought the cloth? Do no shroud me in costly (cloth), for if there is good for me with Allah then I will be given a better replacement but if it is the other way then even this will be taken away quickly".

عُمَرَ،

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 496

الأدب المفرد #497

حَدَّثَنَا إِبْرَ ھِیْمُ بْنُ الْمُنْزَِرِ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا عِیْسَی بْنُ الْمُغِیْرَۃِ عَنِ ابْنِ أَ بِيْ ذِنْبٍ عَنْ جُبَیْرِ بْنِ أَبِيْ صَالِحِ عَنِ ابْنِ شِھَابٍ عَنْ عُرْ وَۃَ عَنْ عَا شِۃَ ؓ، عَنِ النَّبِیَّ ﷺ قَالَ: ((اِذَاشْتَکَی الْمُوْمِنُ أَخْلَصَھُ اللہُ کَمَا یُخَلَّصُ الْکِیْرُ خَبَتَ الْحَدِیْدِ))۔

It is reported by Ayeshah that the Prophet said, "When a Believer falls ill, Allah cleans him of sin as a kiln removes the rust from iron".

عَا شِۃَ ← عُرْ وَۃَ ← ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، ← جُبَیْرِ بْنِ أَبِيْ صَالِحِ ← ابْنِ أَ بِيْ ذِنْبٍ ← عِیْسَی بْنُ الْمُغِیْرَۃِ ← إِبْرَ ھِیْمُ بْنُ الْمُنْزَِرِ

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 497

الأدب المفرد #498

حَدَّثَنَا بِشْر’‘ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُاللہِ قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنَا یُوْنُسُ عَنِ الزُّھْرِیْ قَالَ: حَدَّ ثَنِيْ عُرْوَۃُ، عَنْ عَاِ شَۃُُ ؓ، عَنِ النَّبِی’‘ﷺ قَالَ: ((مَامِنْ مُسْلِمٍ یُصَابُ بِمُصِیْبَھٍ وَ َجٍع أَوْ مَرَ ضٍ اِ لَّا کَانَ کَفَّارَۃ َ ذُنُوْبِھِ، حَتَّی الشَّوْکَھُ أَوِ النَکْبَھُ))۔

It is narrated by Ayeshah (ra) that the Prophet (ﷺ) said, "when a Muslim is afflicted by an anxiety, pain or sickness then, because of that, his sins are atoned. So much, so that if a thorn pricks him or he suffers a simple, minor injury (His sins are forgiven)”.

عَا شِۃَ ← عُرْوَةَ ← حَدَّ ← الزُّهْرِيِّ، ← يونس، ← عَبْدُاللٰہِ، ← بِشْرٌ،

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 498

الأدب المفرد #499

حَدَّثَنَا المکي شَکْوَی شَدِیْدَۃَ فَجَا ٰءَ النَّبِیُّ ﷺ یَعُوْدُنِیْ ،فَقُلْتُ : یَا رَسُوْلَ اللہِ ! اإِنِّیْ أَتْرُکُ مَا لًا وَإنِّیْ لَمْ اَتْرُکْ إِلَّا ابْنَۃَ وَاحِدَۃَ، أَفَأُوْ صِيْ ِبِثُلُثَيْ مَا لِیْ ، وَاتْرَ کْ ثُلْثَ ؟قَالَ: ((لَا)) قَالَ : فَأُ وْ صِيِ بِالنَّصْف ِ وَأَتْرَکْ لَھَا النَّصْفَ؟ قَالَ: ((لَا)) قَالَ: فَأَوْ صِیْ بِا لثَّلْثِ،( وَا َٔتْرُ ک ُلَھَا الثُّلُثُیَنْ؟ِ قَالَ: ((الثُّلُثُ ، وَ الُّثلُثُ کَثِیر’‘) )، ثُمَّ وَضَعَ یَدَہُ عَلَی جَبْھَتِیْ ثُمَّ مَسَحَ و۔جْھِیْ وَبَطْنِیْ ثُمَّ قَالَ: ((اللَّھُمْ ا شْفِ سَعْدًا ،وَأَتُمْ لَھُ ھِجْرَ تَہُ))، فَمَا زِلْتُ أَ جِدُ بَرْ دَ یَدِہِ عَلَی کَبِدِیْ فِیْمَا یَخَالُ إِلَیَّ حَتیَّ السَّا عَۃ

I was seriously ill at Makkah and the Prophet visited me. I said to him "Messenger of Allah, I shall leave behind me a good fortune and I have only a daughter (as my heir). Shall I bequeath two-thirds of my property to be spent in charity and leave one-third (for the heir)?" He said, "No!" Then I asked, "Shall I bequeath half and leave her half?" He again said, "No". Then I asked, "Shall I Bequeath one-third and leave two- third (for her)?" the Prophet said,"(You may bequeath) one-third, but even one-third is much".He then placed his hand on my forehead and passed it over my face and stomach and made this supplication. "O Allah, cure sad and completed his emigration." Ever since I have not ceased to sense the pleasant cool of his hand on my liver."

المکي شَکْوَی شَدِیْدَۃَ فَجَا ٰءَ النَّبِیُّ یَعُوْدُنِیْ

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 499

الأدب المفرد #500

حَدَّثَنَا قَبِیْصَۃُ بْنُ عُقْبَۃَ قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا سُفْیَانُ عَنْ عَلْقَمَۃَ بْنِ مَرْ ثَدٍ، عَنِ الْقَا سِمِ بْنِ مُخَیْمِرَ ۃَ ،عَنْ

It is narrated by Abdullah bin Amr that Prophet (ﷺ) said, "When a person falls ill then the reward of those deeds is also recorded for him which he used to perform when he was healthy.

الْقَا سِمِ بْنِ مُخَیْمِرَ ۃَ ← عَلْقَمَۃَ بْنِ مَرْ ثَدٍ، ← سُفْيَانَ، ← قَبِيصَةُ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ،

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 500

الأدب المفرد #501

حَدَّثَنَا عَارِمٌ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا سَعِیْدُ بْنُ زَیْدِ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا سِنَانٍ أَ بُوْ رَبِیْعَۃَ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا أَنْسُ بْنُ مَالِکِ ؒ عَنِ النَّبِیَّ ﷺ قَالَ:((مَا مِنْ مُسْلِمٍ ابْتِلَاہُ اللہُ فِیْ جَسَدِہِ إِلَا کُتِبَ لَھُ مَا کَا نَ یَعْمَلُ فِيْ صِحَّتِۃِ مَا کَا نَ مَرِ یْضًا فَإِنْ عَا فَا ہُ أُرَہُ قَالَ :غَسَلَھُ وَإِنْ قَبَضَھُ غَفَرَ لَھُ)) حَدَّثَنَا مُوْ سَی قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ سَلَمَۃََ عَنْ سِنَانِ، عَنْ أَنَسِ ؓ عَنِ النَّبِیَّ ﷺ مِثْلَھُ وَزَادَ قَالَ: ((فَإِنْ شَفَا غَسَلَھُ))

Anas bin Maalik has reported that the Prophet (ﷺ) said, "When Allah involves a Muslim in bodily [pain then he is credited with a reward for those deeds which he was used to do when he was healthy as long as he is ill. Thus, if Allah gives him healing, He washes him (clean of sins). But, if he causes him to die then he forgives him.

اَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِکٍ، ← سِنَانٍ أَ بُوْ رَبِیْعَۃَ ← سَعِيدِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ ← عَارِمٌ،

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 501

الأدب المفرد #502

حَدَّثَنَا قُرَّۃ ُبْنُ حَبَیْبِ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا إِیَاسُ بْنُ أَبِيْ تَمِیْمَۃََ، عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ أَ بِيْ رَبَا حِ ، عَنْ أَ بِيْ ھُرَ یْرَۃَ ؒ قَالَ: جَاءَ تِ المْحُمَّی إِِنَی النَّبِیَّ ﷺ فَقَالَتِ : ابْعَثْنِيْ إِنَی اَثَرِ أَھْلِکَ عِنْدَ کَ فَبَعَثَھَا إِِنَی الْأَ نْصَارِ، فَبَقِیَتْ عَلَیْھِمْ سِتَّہُ أَیَامِ وَلَیَا لِیْھِنَّ، فَا شْتَدَّ ذَلِکَ عَلَیْھِمْ ، فَأَ تَا ھُمْ فِیْ دِیَارِ ھِمْ ، فَشَکَوْ ا ذَلِکَ إِ لَیْہِ، فَجَعَلَ النَّبِیُّ ﷺ یَدْ خُلُ دَارً ا دَارًا، وَبَیْتَا بَیْتًا یَدْ عُوْ لَھُمْ بِا نْعَافِیَۃِ فَلمَاَّرَجَعَ تَبِعَتْہُ امْرَ أَۃ’‘ مِنْھُمْ فَقَالَتْ : وَالَّزِیْ بَعَثَکَ بِا لْحَقَّإإ نَّیْ لَمِنَ الْأَ نْصَارِ، وَإِنَّ ا َٔبِيْ لَمِنَ الْأَ نْصَارِ، فَا دْعُ اللہِ لِیْ کَمَا دَعَوْتَ لِلْأَ نْصَارِ، قَالَ: ((مَا شِسْٔتِ، إِنْ شِسْٔتِ دَعَوْتَ اللہَ أَنْ یُعَا فِیْکَ وَإِنْ شِسْٔتِ صَبَرْ تِ وَلَکِ الْجَنَّۃُ))، قَا لَتْ : بَلْ أَ صْبِرُ وَلَا أَ جْعَلُ إِنَی الْجَنَّۃَ خَطَرَا ۔

Abu Hurayrah said that fever presented itself before the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). It said to him, ’’Send me to those people with whom you have a very deep connection. The Prophet (ﷺ) sent it to the Ansar. So, fever gripped them for six days and six nights. Their feverish condition became very serious and the Prophet visited them at their homes. Thy complained of fever and the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) went to each house and prayed for their health. When he was returning, one of their women followed behind him and said, "By Him who has sent you with the truth, I am of the Ansar and my father is also one of the Ansar. Just as you have prayed for the Ansar, pray for me too." The Prophet sg asked her, "What is it that you wish? If you wish, I will pray to Allah that he grant you health but if you are patient then paradise is for you." She said, "I will endure (fever) patiently and will not risk (my chance of) admission to paradise."

أَ بِيْ ھُرَ یْرَۃَ ← عَطَاءِ بْنِ أَ بِيْ رَبَا ← إِیَاسُ بْنُ أَبِيْ تَمِیْمَۃََ، ← قُرَّۃ ُبْنُ حَبَیْبِ

الأدب المفرد · كتاب عيادة المرضى · Hadith 502

Previous
12
Next
All Chapters0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter0. Chapter